TheAlgorithms/**
* @file
* @brief A demo 2-3-4 tree implementation
* @details
* 2–3–4 tree is a self-balancing data structure that is an isometry of
* red–black trees. Though we seldom use them in practice, we study them
* to understand the theory behind Red-Black tree. Please read following
* links for more infomation.
* [2–3–4 tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E2%80%933%E2%80%934_tree)
* [2-3-4 Trees: A Visual
Introduction](https://www.educative.io/page/5689413791121408/80001)
* We Only implement some basic and complicated operations in this demo.
* Other operations should be easy to be added.
* @author [liuhuan](https://github.com/fedom)
*/
#include <array> /// for std::array
#include <cassert> /// for assert
#include <fstream> /// for std::ofstream
#include <iostream> /// for std::cout
#include <memory> /// for std::unique_ptr
#include <queue> /// for std::queue
#include <string> /// for std::to_string
/**
* @namespace data_structures
* @brief Algorithms with data structures
*/
namespace data_structures {
/**
* @namespace tree_234
* @brief Functions for [2–3–4 tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E2%80%933%E2%80%934_tree)
*/
namespace tree_234 {
/** @brief 2-3-4 tree node class */
class Node {
public:
/**
* @brief Node constructor
* @param item the first value we insert to the node
*/
explicit Node(int64_t item)
: count(1),
items({{item, 0, 0}}),
children({{nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr}}) {}
/**
* @brief Get the item count that current saved in the node
* @return item count
*/
int8_t GetCount() { return count; }
/**
* @brief Set the item count of the node
*
* This is only used when we spliting and merging node where we need to do
* some raw operation manually. In common inserting and removing operation
* the count is maintained automatically.
*
* @param c the count to set
*/
void SetCount(int8_t c) { count = c; }
/**
* @brief Check if node is a leaf
* @return true if node is leaf, false otherwise
*/
bool IsLeaf() { return children[0] == nullptr; }
/**
* @brief Check if node is a full (4-node)
* @return true if node is full (4-node), false otherwise
*/
bool IsFull() { return count == 3; }
/**
* @brief Check if node is a 2-node
* @return true if node is 2-node, otherwise false
*/
bool Is2Node() { return count == 1; }
/** @brief Check if node is a 3-node or 4-node, this is useful when we
* delete item from 2-3-4 tree
* @return true if node is 3-node or 4-node, false otherwise
*/
bool Is34Node() { return count == 2 || count == 3; }
/**
* @brief Check if item is in the node
* @param item item to check
* @return true if item in the node, otherwise false
*/
bool Contains(int64_t item) {
for (int8_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (item == items[i]) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* @brief Get the index of the item in the node, 0-based
* @param item item to check
* @return 0-based index of the item in the node, if not in the node, -1 is
* returned
*/
int8_t GetItemIndex(int64_t item) {
for (int8_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (items[i] == item) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
/**
* @brief Get max item (rightmost) in the current node
* @return max item
*/
int64_t GetMaxItem() { return items[count - 1]; }
/**
* @brief get min item (leftmost) in the current node
* @return min item
*/
int64_t GetMinItem() { return items[0]; }
/**
* @brief Get item of the \index index
* @param index the item index to get
* @return the item
*/
int64_t GetItem(int8_t index) { return items[index]; }
/**
* @brief Set item value at position of index
* @param index the index of the item to set
* @param new_item item value
*/
void SetItem(int8_t index, int64_t new_item) {
assert(index >= 0 && index <= 2);
items[index] = new_item;
}
/**
* @brief Insert item to the proper position of the node and return the
* position index.
*
* This is a helper function we use during insertion. Please mind that when
* insert a item, we aslo need to take care of two child pointers. One is
* the original child pointer at the insertion position. It can be placed as
* new item's either left child or right child. And the other is the new
* child that should be added. For our dedicated situation here, we choose
* to use the original child as the new item's left child, and add a null
* pointer to its right child. So after use the function, please update
* these two children pointer manually.
*
* @param item value to be inserted to the node
* @return index where item is inserted, caller can use this
* index to update its left and right child
*/
int InsertItem(int item) {
assert(!IsFull());
if (Contains(item)) {
return -1;
}
int8_t i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (items[i] > item) {
break;
}
}
InsertItemByIndex(i, item, nullptr, true);
return i;
}
/**
* @brief Insert a value to the index position
* @param index index where to insert item
* @param item value to insert
* @param with_child new added child pointer
* @param to_left true indicate adding with_child to new item's left child,
* otherwise to right child
*/
void InsertItemByIndex(int8_t index, int64_t item, Node *with_child,
bool to_left = true) {
assert(count < 3 && index >= 0 && index < 3);
for (int8_t i = count - 1; i >= index; i--) {
items[i + 1] = items[i];
}
items[index] = item;
int8_t start_index = to_left ? index : index + 1;
for (int8_t i = count; i >= start_index; i--) {
children[i + 1] = children[i];
}
children[start_index] = with_child;
count++;
}
/**
* @brief Insert a value to the index position
* @param index index of the item to remove
* @param keep_left which child of the item to keep, true keep the left
* child, false keep the right child
* @return the removed child pointer
*/
Node *RemoveItemByIndex(int8_t index, bool keep_left) {
assert(index >= 0 && index < count);
Node *removed_child = keep_left ? children[index + 1] : children[index];
for (int8_t i = index; i < count - 1; i++) {
items[i] = items[i + 1];
}
for (int8_t i = keep_left ? index + 1 : index; i < count; i++) {
children[i] = children[i + 1];
}
count--;
return removed_child;
}
/**
* @brief Get the child's index of the children array
* @param child child pointer of which to get the index
* @return the index of child
*/
int8_t GetChildIndex(Node *child) {
for (int8_t i = 0; i < count + 1; i++) {
if (children[i] == child) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
/**
* @brief Get the child pointer at position of index
* @param index index of child to get
* @return the child pointer
*/
Node *GetChild(int8_t index) { return children[index]; }
/**
* @brief Set child pointer to the position of index
* @param index children index
* @param child pointer to set
*/
void SetChild(int8_t index, Node *child) { children[index] = child; }
/**
* @brief Get rightmose child of the current node
* @return the rightmost child
*/
Node *GetRightmostChild() { return children[count]; }
/**
* @brief Get leftmose child of the current node
* @return the leftmost child
*/
Node *GetLeftmostChild() { return children[0]; }
/**
* @brief Get left child of item at item_index
* @param item_index index of the item whose left child to be get
* @return left child of items[index]'s
*/
Node *GetItemLeftChild(int8_t item_index) {
if (item_index < 0 || item_index > count - 1) {
return nullptr;
}
return children[item_index];
}
/**
* @brief Get right child of item at item_index
* @param item_index index of the item whose right child to be get
* @return right child of items[index]'s
*/
Node *GetItemRightChild(int8_t item_index) {
if (item_index < 0 || item_index > count - 1) {
return nullptr;
}
return children[item_index + 1];
}
/**
* @brief Get next node which is possibly contains item
* @param item item to search
* @return the next node that possibly contains item
*/
Node *GetNextPossibleChild(int64_t item) {
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (items[i] > item) {
break;
}
}
return children[i];
}
private:
std::array<int64_t, 3> items; ///< store items
std::array<Node *, 4> children; ///< store the children pointers
int8_t count = 0; ///< track the current item count
};
/** @brief 2-3-4 tree class */
class Tree234 {
public:
Tree234() = default;
Tree234(const Tree234 &) = delete;
Tree234(const Tree234 &&) = delete;
Tree234 &operator=(const Tree234 &) = delete;
Tree234 &operator=(const Tree234 &&) = delete;
~Tree234();
/**
* @brief Insert item to tree
* @param item item to insert
*/
void Insert(int64_t item);
/**
* @brief Remove item from tree
* @param item item to remove
* @return true if item found and removed, false otherwise
*/
bool Remove(int64_t item);
/** @brief In-order traverse */
void Traverse();
/**
* @brief Print tree into a dot file
* @param file_name output file name, if nullptr then use "out.dot" as
* default
*/
void Print(const char *file_name = nullptr);
private:
/**
* @brief A insert implementation of pre-split
* @param item item to insert
*/
void InsertPreSplit(int64_t item);
/**
* @brief A insert implementation of post-merge
* @param item item to insert
*/
void InsertPostMerge(int64_t item);
/**
* @brief A helper function used by post-merge insert
* @param tree tree where to insert item
* @param item item to insert
* @return the node that split as the parent when overflow happen
*/
Node *Insert(Node *tree, int64_t item);
/**
* @brief A helper function used during post-merge insert
*
* When the inserting leads to overflow, it will split the node to 1 parent
* and 2 children. The parent will be merged to its origin parent after
* that. This is the function to complete this task. So the param node is
* always a 2-node.
*
* @param dst_node the target node we will merge node to, can be type of
* 2-node, 3-node or 4-node
* @param node the source node we will merge from, type must be 2-node
* @return overflow node of this level
*/
Node *MergeNode(Node *dst_node, Node *node);
/**
* @brief Merge node to a not-full target node
*
* Since the target node is not-full, no overflow will happen. So we have
* nothing to return.
*
* @param dst_node the target not-full node, that is the type is either
* 2-node or 3-node, but not 4-node
* @param node the source node we will merge from, type must be 2-node
*/
void MergeNodeNotFull(Node *dst_node, Node *node);
/**
* @brief Split a 4-node to 1 parent and 2 children, and return the parent
* node
* @param node the node to split, it must be a 4-node
* @return split parent node
*/
Node *SplitNode(Node *node);
/**
* @brief Get the max item of the tree
* @param tree the tree we will get item from
* @return max item of the tree
*/
int64_t GetTreeMaxItem(Node *tree);
/**
* @brief Get the min item of the tree
* @param tree the tree we will get item from
* @return min item of the tree
*/
int64_t GetTreeMinItem(Node *tree);
/**
* @brief A handy function to try if we can do a left rotate to the target
* node
*
* Given two node, the parent and the target child, the left rotate
* operation is uniquely identified. The source node must be the right
* sibling of the target child. The operation can be successfully done if
* the to_child has a right sibling and its right sibling is not 2-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this left rotate operation
* @param to_child the target child of this left rotate operation. In our
* case, this node is always 2-node
* @return true if we successfully do the rotate. false if the
* requirements are not fulfilled.
*/
bool TryLeftRotate(Node *parent, Node *to_child);
/**
* @brief A handy function to try if we can do a right rotate to the target
* node
*
* Given two node, the parent and the target child, the right rotate
* operation is uniquely identified. The source node must be the left
* sibling of the target child. The operation can be successfully done if
* the to_child has a left sibling and its left sibling is not 2-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param to_child the target child of this right rotate operation. In our
* case, it is always 2-node
* @return true if we successfully do the rotate. false if the
* requirements are not fulfilled.
*/
bool TryRightRotate(Node *parent, Node *to_child);
/**
* @brief Do the actual right rotate operation
*
* Given parent node, and the pivot item index, the right rotate operation
* is uniquely identified. The function assume the requirements are
* fulfilled and won't do any extra check. This function is call by
* TryRightRotate(), and the condition checking should be done before call
* it.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param index the pivot item index of this right rotate operation.
*/
void RightRotate(Node *parent, int8_t index);
/**
* @brief Do the actual left rotate operation
*
* Given parent node, and the pivot item index, the left rotate operation is
* uniquely identified. The function assume the requirements are fulfilled
* and won't do any extra check. This function is call by TryLeftRotate(),
* and the condition checking should be done before call it.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param index the pivot item index of this right rotate operation.
*/
void LeftRotate(Node *parent, int8_t index);
/**
* @brief Main function implement the pre-merge remove operation
* @param node the tree to remove item from
* @param item item to remove
* @return true if remove success, false otherwise
* */
bool RemovePreMerge(Node *node, int64_t item);
/**
* @brief Merge the item at index of the parent node, and its left and right
* child
*
* the left and right child node must be 2-node. The 3 items will be merged
* into a 4-node. In our case the parent can be a 2-node iff it is the root.
* Otherwise, it must be 3-node or 4-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in the merging operation
* @param index the item index of the parent node that involved in the
* merging
* @return the merged 4-node
*/
Node *Merge(Node *parent, int8_t index);
/**
* @brief Recursive release the tree
* @param tree root node of the tree to delete
*/
void DeleteNode(Node *tree);
/**
* @brief In-order traverse the tree, print items
* @param tree tree to traverse
*/
void Traverse(Node *tree);
/**
* @brief Print the tree to a dot file. You can convert it to picture with
* graphviz
* @param ofs output file stream to print to
* @param node current node to print
* @param parent_index current node's parent node index, this is used to
* draw the link from parent to current node
* @param index current node's index of level order which is used to name
* the node in dot file
* @param parent_child_index the index that current node in parent's
* children array, range in [0,4), help to locate the start position of the
* link between nodes
*/
void PrintNode(std::ofstream &ofs, Node *node, int64_t parent_index,
int64_t index, int8_t parent_child_index);
Node *root_{nullptr}; ///< root node of the tree
};
Tree234::~Tree234() { DeleteNode(root_); }
/**
* @brief Recursive release the tree
* @param tree root node of the tree to delete
*/
void Tree234::DeleteNode(Node *tree) {
if (!tree) {
return;
}
for (int8_t i = 0; i <= tree->GetCount(); i++) {
DeleteNode(tree->GetChild(i));
}
delete tree;
}
/**
* @brief In-order traverse the tree, print items
* @param tree tree to traverse
*/
void Tree234::Traverse() {
Traverse(root_);
std::cout << std::endl;
}
void Tree234::Traverse(Node *node) {
if (!node) {
return;
}
int8_t i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < node->GetCount(); i++) {
Traverse(node->GetChild(i));
std::cout << node->GetItem(i) << ", ";
}
Traverse(node->GetChild(i));
}
/**
* @brief A insert implementation of pre-split
* @param item item to insert
*/
void Tree234::InsertPreSplit(int64_t item) {
if (!root_) {
root_ = new Node(item);
return;
}
Node *parent = nullptr;
Node *node = root_;
while (true) {
if (!node) {
std::unique_ptr<Node> tmp(new Node(item));
MergeNodeNotFull(parent, tmp.get());
return;
}
if (node->Contains(item)) {
return;
}
if (node->IsFull()) {
node = SplitNode(node);
Node *cur_node = nullptr;
if (item < node->GetItem(0)) {
cur_node = node->GetChild(0);
} else {
cur_node = node->GetChild(1);
}
if (!parent) {
// for the root node parent is nullptr, we simply assign the
// split parent to root_
root_ = node;
} else {
// merge the split parent to its origin parent
MergeNodeNotFull(parent, node);
}
node = cur_node;
}
parent = node;
node = parent->GetNextPossibleChild(item);
}
}
/**
* @brief A insert implementation of post-merge
* @param item item to insert
*/
void Tree234::InsertPostMerge(int64_t item) {
if (!root_) {
root_ = new Node(item);
return;
}
Node *split_node = Insert(root_, item);
// if root has split, then update root_
if (split_node) {
root_ = split_node;
}
}
/**
* @brief Insert item to tree
* @param item item to insert
*/
void Tree234::Insert(int64_t item) { InsertPreSplit(item); }
/**
* @brief A helper function used by post-merge insert
* @param tree tree where to insert item
* @param item item to insert
* @return the node that split as the parent when overflow happen
*/
Node *Tree234::Insert(Node *tree, int64_t item) {
assert(tree != nullptr);
std::unique_ptr<Node> split_node;
if (tree->Contains(item)) {
// return nullptr indicate current node not overflow
return nullptr;
}
Node *next_node = tree->GetNextPossibleChild(item);
if (next_node) {
split_node.reset(Insert(next_node, item));
} else {
split_node.reset(new Node(item));
}
if (split_node) {
return MergeNode(tree, split_node.get());
}
return nullptr;
}
/**
* @brief A helper function used during post-merge insert
*
* When the inserting leads to overflow, it will split the node to 1 parent
* and 2 children. The parent will be merged to its origin parent after
* that. This is the function to complete this task. So the param node is
* always a 2-node.
*
* @param dst_node the target node we will merge node to, can be type of
* 2-node, 3-node or 4-node
* @param node the source node we will merge from, type must be 2-node
* @return overflow node of this level
*/
Node *Tree234::MergeNode(Node *dst_node, Node *node) {
assert(dst_node != nullptr && node != nullptr);
if (!dst_node->IsFull()) {
MergeNodeNotFull(dst_node, node);
return nullptr;
}
dst_node = SplitNode(dst_node);
if (node->GetItem(0) < dst_node->GetItem(0)) {
MergeNodeNotFull(dst_node->GetChild(0), node);
} else {
MergeNodeNotFull(dst_node->GetChild(1), node);
}
return dst_node;
}
/**
* @brief Merge node to a not-full target node
*
* Since the target node is not-full, no overflow will happen. So we have
* nothing to return.
*
* @param dst_node the target not-full node, that is the type is either
* 2-node or 3-node, but not 4-node
* @param node the source node we will merge from, type must be 2-node
*/
void Tree234::MergeNodeNotFull(Node *dst_node, Node *node) {
assert(dst_node && node && !dst_node->IsFull() && node->Is2Node());
int8_t i = dst_node->InsertItem(node->GetItem(0));
dst_node->SetChild(i, node->GetChild(0));
dst_node->SetChild(i + 1, node->GetChild(1));
}
/**
* @brief Split a 4-node to 1 parent and 2 children, and return the parent
* node
* @param node the node to split, it must be a 4-node
* @return split parent node
*/
Node *Tree234::SplitNode(Node *node) {
assert(node->GetCount() == 3);
Node *left = node;
Node *right = new Node(node->GetItem(2));
right->SetChild(0, node->GetChild(2));
right->SetChild(1, node->GetChild(3));
Node *parent = new Node(node->GetItem(1));
parent->SetChild(0, left);
parent->SetChild(1, right);
left->SetCount(1);
return parent;
}
/**
* @brief A handy function to try if we can do a left rotate to the target
* node
*
* Given two node, the parent and the target child, the left rotate
* operation is uniquely identified. The source node must be the right
* sibling of the target child. The operation can be successfully done if
* the to_child has a right sibling and its right sibling is not 2-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this left rotate operation
* @param to_child the target child of this left rotate operation. In our
* case, this node is always 2-node
* @return true if we successfully do the rotate. false if the
* requirements are not fulfilled.
*/
bool Tree234::TryLeftRotate(Node *parent, Node *to_child) {
int to_child_index = parent->GetChildIndex(to_child);
// child is right most, can not do left rotate to it
if (to_child_index >= parent->GetCount()) {
return false;
}
Node *right_sibling = parent->GetChild(to_child_index + 1);
// right sibling is 2-node. can not do left rotate.
if (right_sibling->Is2Node()) {
return false;
}
LeftRotate(parent, to_child_index);
return true;
}
/**
* @brief A handy function to try if we can do a right rotate to the target
* node
*
* Given two node, the parent and the target child, the right rotate
* operation is uniquely identified. The source node must be the left
* sibling of the target child. The operation can be successfully done if
* the to_child has a left sibling and its left sibling is not 2-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param to_child the target child of this right rotate operation. In our
* case, it is always 2-node
* @return true if we successfully do the rotate. false if the
* requirements are not fulfilled.
*/
bool Tree234::TryRightRotate(Node *parent, Node *to_child) {
int8_t to_child_index = parent->GetChildIndex(to_child);
// child is left most, can not do right rotate to it
if (to_child_index <= 0) {
return false;
}
Node *left_sibling = parent->GetChild(to_child_index - 1);
// right sibling is 2-node. can not do left rotate.
if (left_sibling->Is2Node()) {
return false;
}
RightRotate(parent, to_child_index - 1);
return true;
}
/**
* @brief Do the actual right rotate operation
*
* Given parent node, and the pivot item index, the right rotate operation
* is uniquely identified. The function assume the requirements are
* fulfilled and won't do any extra check. This function is call by
* TryRightRotate(), and the condition checking should be done before call
* it.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param index the pivot item index of this right rotate operation.
*/
void Tree234::RightRotate(Node *parent, int8_t index) {
Node *left = parent->GetItemLeftChild(index);
Node *right = parent->GetItemRightChild(index);
assert(left && left->Is34Node());
assert(right && right->Is2Node());
right->InsertItemByIndex(0, parent->GetItem(index),
left->GetRightmostChild(), true);
parent->SetItem(index, left->GetMaxItem());
left->RemoveItemByIndex(left->GetCount() - 1, true);
}
/**
* @brief Do the actual left rotate operation
*
* Given parent node, and the pivot item index, the left rotate operation is
* uniquely identified. The function assume the requirements are fulfilled
* and won't do any extra check. This function is call by TryLeftRotate(),
* and the condition checking should be done before call it.
*
* @param parent the parent node in this right rotate operation
* @param index the pivot item index of this right rotate operation.
*/
void Tree234::LeftRotate(Node *parent, int8_t index) {
Node *left = parent->GetItemLeftChild(index);
Node *right = parent->GetItemRightChild(index);
assert(right && right->Is34Node());
assert(left && left->Is2Node());
left->InsertItemByIndex(left->GetCount(), parent->GetItem(index),
right->GetLeftmostChild(), false);
parent->SetItem(index, right->GetMinItem());
right->RemoveItemByIndex(0, false);
}
/**
* @brief Merge the item at index of the parent node, and its left and right
* child
*
* the left and right child node must be 2-node. The 3 items will be merged
* into a 4-node. In our case the parent can be a 2-node iff it is the root.
* Otherwise, it must be 3-node or 4-node.
*
* @param parent the parent node in the merging operation
* @param index the item index of the parent node that involved in the
* merging
* @return the merged 4-node
*/
Node *Tree234::Merge(Node *parent, int8_t index) {
assert(parent);
// bool is_parent_2node = parent->Is2Node();
Node *left_child = parent->GetItemLeftChild(index);
Node *right_child = parent->GetItemRightChild(index);
assert(left_child->Is2Node() && right_child->Is2Node());
int64_t item = parent->GetItem(index);
// 1. merge parent's item and right child to left child
left_child->SetItem(1, item);
left_child->SetItem(2, right_child->GetItem(0));
left_child->SetChild(2, right_child->GetChild(0));
left_child->SetChild(3, right_child->GetChild(1));
left_child->SetCount(3);
// 2. remove the parent's item
parent->RemoveItemByIndex(index, true);
// 3. delete the unused right child
delete right_child;
return left_child;
}
/**
* @brief Remove item from tree
* @param item item to remove
* @return true if item found and removed, false otherwise
*/
bool Tree234::Remove(int64_t item) { return RemovePreMerge(root_, item); }
/**
* @brief Main function implement the pre-merge remove operation
* @param node the tree to remove item from
* @param item item to remove
* @return true if remove success, false otherwise
*/
bool Tree234::RemovePreMerge(Node *node, int64_t item) {
while (node) {
if (node->IsLeaf()) {
if (node->Contains(item)) {
if (node->Is2Node()) {
// node must be root
delete node;
root_ = nullptr;
} else {
node->RemoveItemByIndex(node->GetItemIndex(item), true);
}
return true;
}
return false;
}
// node is internal
if (node->Contains(item)) {
int8_t index = node->GetItemIndex(item);
// Here is important!!! What we do next depend on its children's
// state. Why?
Node *left_child = node->GetItemLeftChild(index);
Node *right_child = node->GetItemRightChild(index);
assert(left_child && right_child);
if (left_child->Is2Node() && right_child->Is2Node()) {
// both left and right child are 2-node,we should not modify
// current node in this situation. Because we are going to do
// merge with its children which will move target item to next
// layer. so if we replace the item with successor or
// predecessor now, when we do the recursive remove with
// successor or predecessor, we will result in removing the just
// replaced one in the merged node. That's not what we want.
// we need to convert the child 2-node to 3-node or 4-node
// first. First we try to see if any of them can convert to
// 3-node by rotate. By using rotate we keep the empty house for
// the future insertion which will be more efficient than merge.
//
// | ? | node | ? |
// / | | \
// / | | \
// / | | \
// / | | \
// / | | \
// / | | \
// ? left_child right_child ?
//
// node must be the root
if (node->Is2Node()) {
// this means we can't avoid merging the target item into
// next layer, and this will cause us do different process
// compared with other cases
Node *new_root = Merge(node, index);
delete root_;
root_ = new_root;
node = root_;
// now node point to the
continue;
}
// here means we can avoid merging the target item into next
// layer. So we convert one of its left or right child to 3-node
// and then do the successor or predecessor swap and recursive
// remove the next layer will successor or predecessor.
do {
if (index > 0) {
// left_child has left-sibling, we check if we can do a
// rotate
Node *left_sibling = node->GetItemLeftChild(index - 1);
if (left_sibling->Is34Node()) {
RightRotate(node, index - 1);
break;
}
}
if (index < node->GetCount() - 1) {
// right_child has right-sibling, we check if we can do
// a rotate
Node *right_sibling =
node->GetItemRightChild(index + 1);
if (right_sibling->Is34Node()) {
LeftRotate(node, index + 1);
break;
}
}
// we do a merge. We avoid merging the target item, which
// may trigger another merge in the recursion process.
if (index > 0) {
Merge(node, index - 1);
break;
}
Merge(node, index + 1);
} while (false);
}
// refresh the left_child and right_child since they may be invalid
// because of merge
left_child = node->GetItemLeftChild(index);
right_child = node->GetItemRightChild(index);
if (left_child->Is34Node()) {
int64_t predecessor_item = GetTreeMaxItem(left_child);
node->SetItem(node->GetItemIndex(item), predecessor_item);
node = left_child;
item = predecessor_item;
continue;
}
if (right_child->Is34Node()) {
int64_t successor_item = GetTreeMinItem(right_child);
node->SetItem(node->GetItemIndex(item), successor_item);
node = right_child;
item = successor_item;
continue;
}
}
Node *next_node = node->GetNextPossibleChild(item);
if (next_node->Is34Node()) {
node = next_node;
continue;
}
if (TryRightRotate(node, next_node)) {
node = next_node;
continue;
}
if (TryLeftRotate(node, next_node)) {
node = next_node;
continue;
}
// get here means both left sibling and right sibling of next_node is
// 2-node, so we do merge
int8_t child_index = node->GetChildIndex(next_node);
if (child_index > 0) {
node = Merge(node, child_index - 1);
} else {
node = Merge(node, child_index);
}
} // while
return false;
}
/**
* @brief Get the max item of the tree
* @param tree the tree we will get item from
* @return max item of the tree
*/
int64_t Tree234::GetTreeMaxItem(Node *tree) {
assert(tree);
int64_t max = 0;
while (tree) {
max = tree->GetMaxItem();
tree = tree->GetRightmostChild();
}
return max;
}
/**
* @brief Get the min item of the tree
* @param tree the tree we will get item from
* @return min item of the tree
*/
int64_t Tree234::GetTreeMinItem(Node *tree) {
assert(tree);
int64_t min = 0;
while (tree) {
min = tree->GetMinItem();
tree = tree->GetLeftmostChild();
}
return min;
}
/**
* @brief Print tree into a dot file
* @param file_name output file name, if nullptr then use "out.dot" as default
*/
void Tree234::Print(const char *file_name) {
if (!file_name) {
file_name = "out.dot";
}
std::ofstream ofs;
ofs.open(file_name);
if (!ofs) {
std::cout << "create tree dot file failed, " << file_name << std::endl;
return;
}
ofs << "digraph G {\n";
ofs << "node [shape=record]\n";
int64_t index = 0;
/** @brief This is a helper structure to do a level order traversal to print
* the tree. */
struct NodeInfo {
Node *node; ///< tree node
int64_t index; ///< node index of level order that used when draw the
///< link between child and parent
};
std::queue<NodeInfo> q;
if (root_) {
// print root node
PrintNode(ofs, root_, -1, index, 0);
NodeInfo ni{};
ni.node = root_;
ni.index = index;
q.push(ni);
while (!q.empty()) {
NodeInfo node_info = q.front();
q.pop();
assert(node_info.node->GetCount() > 0);
if (!node_info.node->IsLeaf()) {
if (node_info.node->GetCount() > 0) {
PrintNode(ofs, node_info.node->GetChild(0), node_info.index,
++index, 0);
ni.node = node_info.node->GetChild(0);
ni.index = index;
q.push(ni);
PrintNode(ofs, node_info.node->GetChild(1), node_info.index,
++index, 1);
ni.node = node_info.node->GetChild(1);
ni.index = index;
q.push(ni);
}
if (node_info.node->GetCount() > 1) {
PrintNode(ofs, node_info.node->GetChild(2), node_info.index,
++index, 2);
ni.node = node_info.node->GetChild(2);
ni.index = index;
q.push(ni);
}
if (node_info.node->GetCount() > 2) {
PrintNode(ofs, node_info.node->GetChild(3), node_info.index,
++index, 3);
ni.node = node_info.node->GetChild(3);
ni.index = index;
q.push(ni);
}
}
}
}
ofs << "}\n";
ofs.close();
}
/**
* @brief Print the tree to a dot file. You can convert it to picture with
* graphviz
* @param ofs output file stream to print to
* @param node current node to print
* @param parent_index current node's parent node index, this is used to draw
* the link from parent to current node
* @param index current node's index of level order which is used to name the
* node in dot file
* @param parent_child_index the index that current node in parent's children
* array, range in [0,4), help to locate the start position of the link between
* nodes
*/
void Tree234::PrintNode(std::ofstream &ofs, Node *node, int64_t parent_index,
int64_t index, int8_t parent_child_index) {
assert(node);
switch (node->GetCount()) {
case 1:
ofs << "node_" << index << " [label=\"<f0> " << node->GetItem(0)
<< "\"]\n";
break;
case 2:
ofs << "node_" << index << " [label=\"<f0> " << node->GetItem(0)
<< " | <f1> " << node->GetItem(1) << "\"]\n";
break;
case 3:
ofs << "node_" << index << " [label=\"<f0> " << node->GetItem(0)
<< " | <f1> " << node->GetItem(1) << "| <f2> "
<< node->GetItem(2) << "\"]\n";
break;
default:
break;
}
// draw the edge
if (parent_index >= 0) {
ofs << "node_" << parent_index << ":f"
<< (parent_child_index == 0 ? 0 : parent_child_index - 1) << ":"
<< (parent_child_index == 0 ? "sw" : "se") << " -> node_" << index
<< "\n";
}
}
} // namespace tree_234
} // namespace data_structures
/** @brief simple test to insert a given array and delete some item, and print
* the tree*/
static void test1() {
std::array<int16_t, 13> arr = {3, 1, 5, 4, 2, 9, 10, 8, 7, 6, 16, 13, 14};
data_structures::tree_234::Tree234 tree;
for (auto i : arr) {
tree.Insert(i);
}
// tree.Remove(10);
tree.Remove(5);
tree.Print();
}
/**
* @brief simple test to insert continuous number of range [0, n), and print
* the tree
* @param n upper bound of the range number to insert
*/
static void test2(int64_t n) {
data_structures::tree_234::Tree234 tree;
for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
tree.Insert(i);
}
tree.Traverse();
tree.Print((std::to_string(n) + ".dot").c_str());
}
/**
* @brief Main function
* @param argc commandline argument count (ignored)
* @param argv commandline array of arguments (ignored)
* @returns 0 on exit
*/
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc < 2) {
test1(); // execute 1st test
} else {
test2(std::stoi(argv[1])); // execute 2nd test
}
return 0;
}